A new study shows female managers are more than three times as likely as their male counterparts to underrate their bosses' opinions of their job performance.

(...) "Women have imposed their own glass ceiling, and the question is why," said Scott Taylor, an assistant professor at the University of New Mexico Anderson School of Management who conducted the study.

(...) Taylor says the findings could indicate why many women don't rise to head companies or why there is a wage disparity between men and women.

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ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — A new study shows female managers are more than three times as likely as their male counterparts to underrate their bosses' opinions of their job performance.


The discrepancy increases with women older than 50, the study states.
"Women have imposed their own glass ceiling, and the question is why," said Scott Taylor, an assistant professor at the University of New Mexico Anderson School of Management who conducted the study.


[...]


In the study, 251 male and female managers from different industries nationwide rated themselves and requested ratings from supervisors, peers and subordinates. Each subject also was asked to predict the ratings made by others.


Taylor collected the data for the study in 2005 while a doctoral student at Cleveland-based Case Western Reserve University.


The ratings measured nine elements of emotional and social competence essential to leadership: communication ability, initiative, self-awareness, self-control, empathy, bond-building, teamwork, conflict management and trustworthiness.


The men who were studied slightly overestimated how their bosses would rate them, while the female respondents underestimated their ratings on average by about 11 percent.


[...]



Taylor said managers may need to learn better ways to communicate to female employees that they are valued. Women may need to learn how to better seek positive and critical feedback, he said.


Taylor says the findings could indicate why many women don't rise to head companies or why there is a wage disparity between men and women.


[...]


Cara Waymire, vice president for human resources at insurance brokerage Hub International in Albuquerque, said when she works with female employees on getting raises or promotions, she notices they are more likely to focus on shortcomings rather than accomplishments.
"They think the boss needs to think they hung the moon in order for them to ask for anything," Waymire said.